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Korandje (Kwaranje; ''kwạṛa n dzyəy'', (アラビア語:البلبالية)) is by far the most northerly of the Songhay languages. It is spoken around the oasis of Tabelbala by about 3000 people; its name literally means "village's language". While retaining a basically Songhay structure, it is extremely heavily influenced by Berber and Arabic; about 20% of the 100-word Swadesh list of basic vocabulary consists of loans from Arabic or Berber, and the proportion of the lexicon as a whole is considerably higher.〔''Grammatical Contact in the Sahara: Arabic, Berber, and Songhay in Tabelbala and Siwa'', Lameen Souag, PhD thesis, SOAS, 2010〕 The only published studies of Korandje based on first-hand data are Cancel (1908),〔«Etude sur le dialecte de Tabelbala», Lt. Cancel, ''Revue Africaine'' 1908, Nº 270-271, 302-347.〕 a 45-page article by a French lieutenant covering basic grammar and vocabulary and a couple of sample texts; Champault (1969),〔''Une oasis du Sahara nord-occidental, Tabelbala'', Dominique Champault, Paris: CNRS, 1969.〕 an anthropological study containing some incidental linguistically relevant materials such as sentences and rhymes; Tilmatine (1991, 1996),〔"Tabelbala: Eine Songhaysprachinsel in der Algerischen Sahara", Mohamed Tilmatine, ''Afrikanische Arbeitspapiere Sondernummer'' 377-397, 1991; "Un parler berbèro-songhay du sud-ouest algérien (Tabelbala): Elements d’histoire et de linguistique", Mohamed Tilmatine, ''Etudes et documents berbères'' 14:163-198, 1996.〕 an article (published in German, then reworked in French) revisiting Cancel and Champault and adding about a page of new data recorded by the author; and Souag (2010a, 2010b),〔"The Western Berber Stratum in Kwarandzyey (Tabelbala, Algeria)", in ed. D. Ibriszimow, M. Kossmann, H. Stroomer, R. Vossen, ''Études berbères V – Essais sur des variations dialectales et autres articles''. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe, 2010; ''Grammatical Contact in the Sahara: Arabic, Berber, and Songhay in Tabelbala and Siwa'', Lameen Souag, PhD thesis, SOAS, 2010〕 the former arguing the case for Western Berber loans in the lexicon, the latter studying the effect of contact with Berber and Arabic on its grammar. ==Sounds== No complete phonological study of Korandje, systematically justified by minimal pairs, has yet been made. According to Souag (2010),〔''Grammatical Contact in the Sahara: Arabic, Berber, and Songhay in Tabelbala and Siwa'', Lameen Souag, PhD thesis, SOAS, 2010〕 the vowel system consists of lax ə, ŭ , ə̣̣ and tense a , i, u, ạ , ụ , while the consonant system is as follows: Items in brackets are not normally used by older speakers. A bilabial click is attested in one baby-talk word. An earlier proposal by Nicolaï (1981),〔''Les dialectes du songhay. Contribution à l'étude des changements linguistiques'', Robert Nicolaï, Paris: CNRS (1981)〕 based on a very limited corpus of recordings provided by Champault, suggested a smaller phoneme inventory: alongside pharyngealized consonants ''ṭ ḍ ṣ ẓ ṇ ḥ'' as well as ''x q'', found mainly in loanwords, and a six-vowel system: ''a, i, u, e, o'', and ''ə'' (schwa). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Korandje language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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